get_object_taxonomies( string|string[]|WP_Post $object, string $output = 'names' )

$taxonomies = get_object_taxonomies( 'post' );

Array( 'category', 'post_tag' )

$taxonomy_objects = get_object_taxonomies( 'post', 'objects' );
    print_r( $taxonomy_objects);

Array
(
    [category] => stdClass Object
        (
            [hierarchical] => 1
            [update_count_callback] => 
            [rewrite] => 
            [query_var] => category_name
            [public] => 1
            [show_ui] => 1
            [show_tagcloud] => 1
            [_builtin] => 1
            [labels] => stdClass Object
                (
                    ...
                )
            ...
            [name] => category
            [label] => Categories
        )
    [post_tag] => stdClass Object
        (
            ...
        )
    [post_format] => stdClass Object
        (
            ....
        )
)

$taxonomies = get_object_taxonomies(get_post_type());
print_r($taxonomies[1]);