PL / SQL异常
PL / SQL异常处理 什么是例外 程序执行期间发生错误,在PL / SQL中称为“异常”。 PL / SQ…
PL / SQL异常处理
什么是例外
程序执行期间发生错误,在PL / SQL中称为“异常”。
PL / SQL有助于程序员使用程序中的异常块来捕获此类条件,并针对错误条件采取适当的措施。
有两种类型的例外:
- 系统定义的异常
- 用户定义的异常
PL / SQL异常处理
异常处理的语法:
以下是异常处理的一般语法:
DECLARE <declarations section> BEGIN <executable command(s)> EXCEPTION <exception handling goes here > WHEN exception1 THEN exception1-handling-statements WHEN exception2 THEN exception2-handling-statements WHEN exception3 THEN exception3-handling-statements ........ WHEN others THEN exception3-handling-statements END;
异常处理示例
让我们以一个简单的示例来演示异常处理的概念。在这里,我们使用已经创建的CUSTOMERS表。
从客户中选择*;
ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ramesh | 23 | Allahabad | 20000 |
2 | Suresh | 22 | Kanpur | 22000 |
3 | Mahesh | 24 | Ghaziabad | 24000 |
4 | Chandan | 25 | Noida | 26000 |
5 | Alex | 21 | Paris | 28000 |
6 | Sunita | 20 | Delhi | 30000 |
DECLARE c_id customers.id%type := 8; c_name customers.name%type; c_addr customers.address%type; BEGIN SELECT name, address INTO c_name, c_addr FROM customers WHERE id = c_id; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Name: '|| c_name); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Address: ' || c_addr); EXCEPTION WHEN no_data_found THEN dbms_output.put_line('No such customer!'); WHEN others THEN dbms_output.put_line('Error!'); END; /
在SQL Prompt上执行上述代码后,将产生以下结果:
No such customer! PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
上面的程序应显示给出ID的客户的姓名和地址。但是我们的数据库中没有ID值为8的客户,因此该程序引发运行时异常NO_DATA_FOUND,该异常在EXCEPTION块中捕获。
注意:因为上面的示例中使用的customer_id为8,并且该表中没有id为8的用户,您将获得结果“ No such customer”。
如果使用上表中定义的ID(即1到6),则会得到一定的结果。对于演示示例:在这里,我们使用ID 5。
DECLARE c_id customers.id%type := 5; c_name customers.name%type; c_addr customers.address%type; BEGIN SELECT name, address INTO c_name, c_addr FROM customers WHERE id = c_id; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Name: '|| c_name); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Address: ' || c_addr); EXCEPTION WHEN no_data_found THEN dbms_output.put_line('No such customer!'); WHEN others THEN dbms_output.put_line('Error!'); END; /
在SQL提示符下执行上述代码后,您将获得以下结果:
Name: alex Address: paris PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
引发异常
如果发生任何内部数据库错误,则数据库服务器会自动引发异常。但是程序员也可以使用命令RAISE显式地提高它。
引发异常的语法:
DECLARE exception_name EXCEPTION; BEGIN IF condition THEN RAISE exception_name; END IF; EXCEPTION WHEN exception_name THEN statement; END;
PL / SQL用户定义的异常
PL / SQL方便其用户根据程序需要定义自己的异常。可以使用RAISE语句或过程DBMS_STANDARD.RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR显式引发用户定义的异常。
用户定义异常的语法
DECLARE my-exception EXCEPTION;
PL / SQL预定义异常
当程序违反任何数据库规则时,就会执行PL / SQL中许多预定义的异常。
例如:NO_DATA_FOUND是一个预定义的异常,当SELECT INTO语句不返回任何行时会引发此异常。
以下是一些重要的预定义例外的列表:
Exception | Oracle Error | SQL Code | Description |
---|---|---|---|
ACCESS_INTO_NULL | 06530 | -6530 | It is raised when a NULL object is automatically assigned a value. |
CASE_NOT_FOUND | 06592 | -6592 | It is raised when none of the choices in the “WHEN” clauses of a CASE statement is selected, and there is no else clause. |
COLLECTION_IS_NULL | 06531 | -6531 | It is raised when a program attempts to apply collection methods other than exists to an uninitialized nested table or varray, or the program attempts to assign values to the elements of an uninitialized nested table or varray. |
DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX | 00001 | -1 | It is raised when duplicate values are attempted to be stored in a column with unique index. |
INVALID_CURSOR | 01001 | -1001 | It is raised when attempts are made to make a cursor operation that is not allowed, such as closing an unopened cursor. |
INVALID_NUMBER | 01722 | -1722 | It is raised when the conversion of a character string into a number fails because the string does not represent a valid number. |
LOGIN_DENIED | 01017 | -1017 | It is raised when s program attempts to log on to the database with an invalid username or password. |
NO_DATA_FOUND | 01403 | +100 | It is raised when a select into statement returns no rows. |
NOT_LOGGED_ON | 01012 | -1012 | It is raised when a database call is issued without being connected to the database. |
PROGRAM_ERROR | 06501 | -6501 | It is raised when PL/SQL has an internal problem. |
ROWTYPE_MISMATCH | 06504 | -6504 | It is raised when a cursor fetches value in a variable having incompatible data type. |
SELF_IS_NULL | 30625 | -30625 | It is raised when a member method is invoked, but the instance of the object type was not initialized. |
STORAGE_ERROR | 06500 | -6500 | It is raised when PL/SQL ran out of memory or memory was corrupted. |
TOO_MANY_ROWS | 01422 | -1422 | It is raised when a SELECT INTO statement returns more than one row. |
VALUE_ERROR | 06502 | -6502 | It is raised when an arithmetic, conversion, truncation, or size-constraint error occurs. |
ZERO_DIVIDE | 01476 | 1476 | It is raised when an attempt is made to divide a number by zero. |
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